Commentary
Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and degenerative disease. The nerve cells in the brain deteriorate and the brain shrinks. The symptoms can include a severe loss of memory and concentration but there is an overall decline in all mental faculties.
The following treatments are a way of solving the problems caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries.
Balloon angioplasty - where a balloon is fed into the affected artery and inflated to widen it.
Laser treatment - where the blockage in the artery is burnt away by a laser fed into the artery.
Atherectomy - this is another technique for removing obstructions from coronary arteries and requires the insertion of a catheter into the relevant artery.
Stent insertion - where a small ring of metallic mesh is fed into the artery and expanded to widen it.
Rotoblation - a rotating device is passed through the blocked artery, effectively scraping the artery wall to remove any blockage.
As these surgical techniques are much simpler than the by-pass operation, which requires full open heart surgery, the definition requires that two as opposed to one coronary arteries are treated if the claim is to be accepted.
The aorta is the main artery in the body, which carries the blood on the beginning of its journey around the body. The aorta may be weakened by an aneurysm - which is a thinning and bulging of the arterial wall, or it may become narrowed by fatty deposits. An operation can be carried out to correct the narrowing or to replace or repair the damaged part of the aorta wall.
Where the blood flow across the heart valves is restricted due to narrowing, usually of a congenital origin and less commonly post rheumatic fever or calcific lime deposits, a balloon valvuloplasty may be carried out. This involves passing a fine tube (catheter) across the narrowed valve and inflating a tiny balloon to enlarge the opening of the affected blood valve.
Benign tumours are localised and grow by expansion only. They do not invade and destroy the surrounding tissue and do not spread to other parts of the body. Once surgically removed they tend not to recur. However, a benign brain tumour can still be very dangerous as it can put pressure on the brain and lead to possible damage - haemorrhages and ulceration. Deficit to the neurological system means muscle weakness or sensory loss. Surgery to cure the condition may not always be possible.
Sight can be lost because of an accident or illness. In order for a claim to be accepted, the loss of sight must be total, permanent and irreversible. Therefore a claim would not be paid if the loss was only partial or was a temporary condition.
Cancer is a malignant tumour or a malignancy. It causes uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells which invade, damage and destroy surrounding bodily tissue. These cells can then spread and cause damage to other parts of the body.
Prostate cancers are relatively common in men and a low Gleason score indicates a more easily treated and less aggressive tumour. Those detailed in the exclusion group have an excellent long-term prognosis. Tumours with a higher Gleason score are included.
Non-invasive or cancer in situ is a very early stage cancer which has not invaded surrounding tissue and has not spread throughout the body. Treatment is relatively easy and successful. Cancers in situ are therefore not covered.
Most skin cancers are also easy to treat and also excluded. However, malignant melanoma is a very serious form of skin cancer which can very quickly spread throughout the body. This form of skin cancer is therefore included.
A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness from which it is impossible to be aroused. The cause of the coma may be as a result of another illness such as a stroke and may be brought on by a serious accident. If the coma results in permanent damage to the nervous system, the claim will be paid.
If one or more of the coronary arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart becomes obstructed by the build-up of fatty deposits, angina can result and can even cause a heart attack. A coronary by-pass operation involves inserting a short length of vein, usually taken from the leg, around narrowed artery, thus restoring an adequate supply of blood to the heart.
Loss of hearing may be caused by illness, for example a stroke, or by a serious accident. The loss must be total, permanent and irreversible. Therefore a claim would not be paid if the loss was only partial or was a temporary condition.
The body needs oxygen to survive and it receives this from the blood. The heart is effectively a pump, which ensures that oxygenated blood circulates through the body to where it is needed. The heart itself also needs oxygen to continue to work effectively. If the supply of oxygen to the heart is cut off then a portion of the heart muscle is damaged. This can be caused by the blockage of a coronary artery. Arteries can become blocked by fatty material or by blood clots.
Damage to the heart muscle usually causes severe pain and results in an increase in cardiac enzymes, which are released into the blood. A heart attack will also result in electrocardiograph changes.
Angina produces similar symptoms to an actual heart attack, but is caused by a reduction in the supply of blood to the heart rather than a complete blockage. Heart muscle does not die as a result. Angina may be an early indication that a future heart attack is likely. Angina is not covered.
The valves of the heart open and close as part of the pumping action which circulates blood around the body. When these valves become diseased, the ability of the heart to pump properly is reduced. Surgery can be undertaken to either repair or replace the damaged valve.
Any incident which takes place whilst performing occupational duties, whether at your place of work or elsewhere which leads to infection with the HIV virus would be covered.
A claim would be paid out if, in conjunction with the procedures outlined above, it is proved that infection with HIV was a result of occupational duties.
The occupations included in this category are: Medical practitioner, consultant, specialist or any other medically trained person employed in a medical facility, Prison Officer, Dentist, Member of Fire, Ambulance or Police services.
A claim would be paid where there was evidence that the HIV infection was as a direct result of a blood transfusion.
The function of the kidneys is to remove waste material from the bloodstream. If they do not work properly there can be a build up of waste material in the blood, which can become life-threatening. The body can function perfectly well with only one kidney, but if both fail there will be a need for regular dialysis to clean the blood artificially, or for a kidney transplant.
Loss of limbs could be caused by an accident or because of an illness.
Loss of speech may be caused if the vocal chords are damaged in an accident. The loss must be total, permanent and irreversible. Therefore a claim would not be paid if the loss was only partial or was a temporary condition.
It is possible for the power of speech to be lost without physical damage to the vocal chords, possible because of a severe mental trauma or shock. However, in such cases it is nearly impossible to determine whether the loss is permanent and therefore a claim would not be paid.
Neurological deficit is where a part of the nervous system is not functioning properly and this is causing a persons inability to perform some actions. The level of this disability will be judged by a consultant neurologist. The Glasgow Outcome Scale for Head Injuries, which assesses motor and verbal responses as well as eye opening on command is one example of a standard evaluation procedure and is used in the early (acute) phase.
Sometimes a major organ of the body (such as the liver) becomes so diseased that is fails and becomes life threatening. It may therefore be essential to replace it with a healthy organ.
For some rare illnesses, such as aplastic anaemia, a major organ transplant (in this case of the bone marrow) may be the only long term cure available.
It can take a long time to find the right donor organ, and the waiting list for such operations is often long. The claim will be met therefore upon acceptance onto an official United Kingdom waiting list for the relevant transplant.
Motor Neurone Disease causes a rapid deterioration of the motor neurones. These are the nerve cells in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord, which are responsible for the movement of the body. The disease advances quite quickly and leads to severe disability and death, usually within 3-4 years.
Unfortunately, there is no treatment that can alter the outcome of this serious condition.
MS is an incurable disease of the central nervous system. Nerve fibres are normally covered by a myelin sheath, which protects and insulates them. In MS this sheath degenerates which interrupts the smooth transmission of nerve impulses around the body, leading to lack of co-ordination and sensory impairment.
The valves of the heart open and close as part of the pumping action which circulates blood around the body. When these valves become diseased, the ability of the heart to pump properly is reduced. Surgery can be undertaken to either repair or replace the damaged valve. Other structural defects may occasionally be discovered and repaired.
Paralysis or paraplegia of two or more limbs is evidenced by permanent and irreversible loss of movement and sensation. It could be caused by an accident or by an illness. Even more severe types of paralysis tetraplegia and quandriplegia would therefore be covered.
Parkinson's Disease causes a disturbance of voluntary movement. It causes tremors in the limbs and head and rigidity of the muscles. The condition usually takes a long time to progress and some drugs are available which can slow the process down even further. The treatment becomes less effective as time goes by. For a claim to be paid, the onset of Parkinson's Disease must be idiopathic. This means it must have developed naturally rather than because of some other medical treatment or illness.
The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries the blood from the heart to the lungs. If the pulmonary artery becomes diseased an operation may be carried out to replace the weakened tissue with a man-made graft. In adult life this is a very rare condition, usually arising from congenital abnormalities and involving the pulmonary valve as well.
A stroke involves the death of part of the brain as a result of a reduction in the blood supply. It can be caused by a blood clot becoming caught in an artery of the brain or the bursting of one of the brain's blood vessels. The event that triggers the stroke may result from problems within the body, such as clogged up arteries, or weaknesses in the wall of a blood vessel.
After a true stroke there is always permanent brain damage which can cause paralysis to the right or left sides of the body, loss of speech or sight, and other effects such as loss of strength or mobility. In some cases, the damage may be quite minor, but it will depend upon which part of the brain was affected. Transient Ischaemic Attacks are often known as mini-strokes but do not result in permanent damage. They are therefore excluded.
Third degree burns are the most serious type of burn. They involve the destruction of the full thickness of the skin and can cause damage to the fat, muscle and bone.
This benefit is designed as a general disability benefit. Whilst some of the disabling diseases of older age, such as Alzheimer's Disease and Motor Neurone Disease, are covered separately, there are other conditions which can prove to be just as debilitating.
These could include conditions such as severe rheumatoid arthritis, which can prevent the sufferer from living without constant help and care.